Political Instability in Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Instability in Egypt - Essay Example Mubarak has been mistreating the ascent of disobedience for a long time so as to keep the incorporated force. This plainly identifies with Mill’s On Liberty, as the despot is attempting to keep up congruity and business as usual. He unmistakably utilizes this to for clarifying the need of a political sovereign state (Mill). Besides, he demands a sovereign chief with outright force that would carry security and tranquility to individuals. Also, he himself demands this reality, since he saw a common war that tore his nation. The shrewd that sneaks in boundless force is the point of convergence of Mill’s contention. Without a doubt, Mill’s contention for absolutism is because of the way that the condition of nature is in fact war (Mill). Mill’s fundamental plan is to show that, judiciously, men will look for harmony against the condition of nature of contention conduct. Mill’s striking endeavor to persuade the way that men are animals of harmony in a c ondition of nature is, in any case, a troublesome thing to demonstrate since humanity is battling in steady fighting (Mill). Subsequently, Mill’s clarification of contention is unpredictable and difficult to understand since, even in impeccable conditions, certain man will adapt to the situation to challenge authority (Mill). It’s human instinct to look for pride, greatness and popularity; without question, mankind will keep on being engaged in these demonstrations since it can never be fulfilled. Plainly, the author’s task is to show that the idea of men is mind boggling. Mill’s hypothesis expounds that men are instrumentally intended to look for objectivity in all occasions for their best personal responsibility (Mill). Accordingly, this is the purpose behind the general propensity of humanity to want power after force til' the very end strikes them. The opposition doesn't ascend from the general shortage of assets yet Mill doesn't suggest that. He sugg ests that when appropriated similarly, regardless of whether inadequate for satisfaction of network needs, assets will never be adequate for the fulfillment of certain people’s journey to acquire more force (Mill). Individuals in their condition of nature will in general have question and vie for normal rivalry of intensity. Accordingly, the individuals of Egypt have revolted due to absence of free races, high joblessness, debasement that torment the nation, and limitation of free discourse. Egypt was not exactly a month from holding parliamentary races after Hosni Mubarak was expelled from power not long ago. The regular rivalry for men to choose a pioneer that can secure their advantage is significant for Egypt (Brennan). Factory expresses that if the pioneer under force can't furnish his kin with food, a resistance can take steps to change the state of affairs (Brennan). Unmistakably, Mubarak neglected to give his kin the free popularity based races he guaranteed before. F or a long time, the mass greater part of the crowded was astounded to see Mubarak’s party known as the National Democratic Party win by immense edges (Jensen, 2010). Many started to scrutinize the genuine reason for these outcomes and allegations of vote apparatus, misrepresentation and pay off have been the point of convergence against Mubarak’s battle. Henceforth, as indicated by Mill, a transformation is nearly ensured when people have next to zero effect in the governmental issues that oversee themselves (Mill). Another key component Mill examines in his work is splendidly represented in this specific situation. The reality people are probably going to revolt if joblessness plagues the locale. This scene can be splendidly portrayed

Family Centered Approach

The family place approach accepts a child’s family is imperative to the subjective and social advancement aptitudes. Our family characterizes who we are as an individual and in many cases is an impression of self. Our family characterizes culture, conservative, race, qualities and convictions. A child’s first instructor is the guardians, and without parental direction a kid would need significant abilities to get effective in the public eye. In this paper I need to clarify how instructors and guardians can function inseparably to advance attractive practices in preschools in homeroom and in home setting.The center to the teacher in family focus approach isn't just the kid, yet on the family in general. Connection One significant conduct I need to talk about is connection. Connection is a feeling that a kid will understanding inside its first long stretches of life and proceeded all through as long as its can remember length. We regularly partner connection with the hear t, however it is a lot of required for the improvement of the brain, or scholarly turn of events (Gonzalez, 2009). Positive, sustaining connections encourages a youngster to get secure and advances a feeling of prosperity. Connections are framed when there is trust in a relationship.Children that are manhandled and dismissed grow up considering the to be as cold and unwelcoming. Sure we as a whole have our own issues of trust, however youngsters that experienced childhood in an unfriendly domain make some harder memories adapting to confiding in others as grown-ups. What's more, grown-ups who were ignored and mishandled as result grow up looking for the guardian that never addressed their issues, frequently shaping co-dependant connections. Others will manage the issue effectively if the individuals engaged with their lives are receptive to their necessities. Family Center methodology trains staff in kid care focuses can have an effect in that child’s life.The outline work th at can be utilized is called â€Å"protective factors† this is utilized to lessen the danger of misuse and disregard. Its motivation is to fortify families and ensure youngsters. The objective of the program is to construct confided involved with the guardians and help them while they are experiencing troublesome occasions. This sort of connection is diverse to what simply ordinary staff gives to a kid. Getting appended to somebody else’s youngster is a fragile subject. You could be the first to detect misuse, and you could likewise be that significant impact in that child’s life.It is significant, nonetheless, to ensure that you don't look down on the child’s guardians, or even endeavor to exceed the guardians. It is critical to distinguish those tendendencies, on the off chance that they do happen, put them in a safe spot. You must help the guardians. In the event that you look down on them, at that point you can't bolster them. Remember that your conne ction is significant, however it is just transitory. Be mindful and caring yet additionally keep the connection at an expert level. One of the principal indications of connection and autonomy in a little child is the point at which he/she starts to state the word no.The first word out of the mouths of most babies is the word NO, in light of the fact that this is the word that is most said to them while they are learning their cutoff points and limits. Guardians will in general utilize the word NO on the grounds that they think it stands out enough to be noticed and they stop for a short second. In any case, in actuality the word No is utilized so frequently the little child thinks it’s alright to state the word No for everything. We have issues with kids in our multi year old room telling the instructor No and in the following breath they need what the educator offered them. The word No is there first thing that goes to their mind.As educators we need to show the youngsters w hen to utilize the word No at the suitable occasions. Little children need the chance to figure out how to settle on decisions and perceive how their decisions influence their environmental factors. Self improvement Skills Another conduct for developing self-sufficiency is self improvement abilities. A kid has a characteristic interest of its environmental factors, and ceaselessly needs to investigate. How a grown-up reacts to this will finish up the child’s conduct as a grown-up (Ramming, 2006). At the point when a kid is confined, they frequently lose their interest and readiness to turn out to be more independent.Cultures change on whether they need their kid to be free or associated. In our American culture we need our kids to investigate and be as free as could be expected under the circumstances, we push for that. In any case, is a few societies, for example, Japan, need the youngster to be progressively associated. The way of life would prefer the kid to feel more like a nuclear family than a person. As an expert instructor it is essential to have a superior comprehension of culture, and to regard the guardians see focuses, regardless of whether it might be unique in relation to your own. It is no picnic for a kid to have two clashing approaches.Do not end up in a contention with the parent over your place of perspectives, yet practice great relational abilities. Self improvement abilities are significant in the life of a baby. We can let Children learn self improvement abilities are by letting them feed themselves with a spoon or put on their own shoes to assist them with picking up control and build up their self improvement aptitudes. A baby needs to be in charge of things around them. As instructors we have to urge little children to do things that they can accomplish for themselves. Babies are learning new things regular and need to utilize what they figure out how to deal with their environment.For model: youngsters need to figure out how t o alternate with toys and what it feels like when a kid takes a toy from them. As an educator we can request that the kid share with their companion and discover times when the companion can impart to them. This will show the kid that they have command over sharing and by sharing, companions will impart to them. A youngster needs numerous decisions for the duration of the day to assist them with picking up the trust in her self improvement aptitudes. This disposition of cooperation causes the baby to feel somewhat less defiant in light of the fact that the grown-up is here and there observed as an accomplice as opposed to as an adversary.This gives the kid strengthening over their environmental factors. Strengthening Self assistance aptitudes are an approach to cause a youngster to feel engaged. Strengthening is a method of causing the youngster to feel part as and that he/she is deserving of regard (Yoo,2010). It is imperative to permit a kid to be as free as could be expected unde r the circumstances. A model would permit a youngster to eat finger nourishments, and taking care of herself. Sure it will be muddled until the youngster gets more seasoned and figures out how to be perfect, yet this permits the kid to feel more in charge of her world.Giving the kid picks with respect to what to wear, and eat is a methodology that is assume to assist the kid with learning to make picks throughout everyday life. With decisions you likewise need as far as possible on what will and won’t be acknowledged. Youngsters will frequently test limits. That is the reason when a parent set limits they should consistently stay reliable. Not being reliable with limits just tells that kid that it isn’t a genuine breaking point, and if the youngster is tireless enough the kid will get his/her way. Giving security and strengthening to a youngster you should set cutoff points and stick to them.Family Center Program likewise gives the families picks. Like what exercises t hey need to seek after, by they way they need to be included, and what kind of help they need, are only a few models. This program, center around the families needs and not on what the program feels they need. This kind of strengthening has been demonstrated to be effective and there is more cooperation with the families. Master Social Skills It is additionally significant that families and instructors show youngsters social aptitudes. The prior they begin communicating with other youngsters the simpler it is for them in the long run.It is additionally important to instruct a kid decent critical thinking aptitudes (McArthur, 2002). The must figure out how to connect with kids, yet additionally how to look after connections. Another approach to introduce this into youngsters is by showing them how to assist and be a piece of something. It causes the kid to feel significant and that they have a place with something. Another great method to show a child’s social-abilities is by having acceptable good examples throughout its life. Youngsters will learn and adjust to their condition. It is critical to have the youngster encircled by individuals who has confidence that things will work out and that life has meaning.It is significant for families to enable the kid to build up an awareness of other's expectations and learn authority abilities as well as follower’s aptitudes. Confidence Often times in our general public we accept that a youngster may have â€Å"self regard issues†. We believe that all the kid needs is to be inspired or offered praises and acclaims. As regularly, there are clashed hypotheses on where confidence gets from. Some scholar will say that regard originates from â€Å"nature†, for example, a human researcher that will disclose to you that regard in type of our â€Å"DNA† while others, for example, Marxists will portray self, for example, social-financial or â€Å"nurture†.However, in my exploration I wi ll depict self according to associations with individuals, since that is the â€Å"self† that is frequently broken, and the one in particular that can be fixed. An infant's involvement in self creates at an early age. Frequently the impression of the parental figure or the picture of themselves in the mirror is their first encounters (Luxmoore, 2010). Later on the child will reflect â€Å"self† without the need of someone else. Connections are significant in building up a kid's confidence ahead of schedule through life.Poor child rearing can influence the child’s improvement of self. Time after time do we hold up until a youngster is 14 or 15 when an expert attempts to engage with â€Å"self regard issues† and the harm has been finished? An excess of despair has occurred for another grown-up to have an effect on the youngster's life. Regularly children’s encounters that manage â€Å"self esteem† ventures into the kid's condition. At the poin t when a youngster's confidence is low, their emotions towar

Soulful Simplicity

Soulful Simplicity The Minimalists believe that material clutter is often a physical manifestation of our internal lives. So if you want to deal with the psychological clutter you feel inside, you must first tackle the junk thats all around you. Thats why our friend Courtney Carver, whom you may remember from our documentary, Minimalism, created Soulful Simplicity, a six-week video course designed to help you declutter your homeâ€"and then your heart and mind. Courtneys material is unlike any simplicity offering out there. You can start this course if you are in the middle of a wake-up call, or if you are in the middle of a breakdown trying to find your way back to you. Over six weeks, youll learn how to say no, set boundaries, avoid distractions, and let go of everything thats in the way. Youll also dive into a closet experiment more life-changing than wardrobe-changing. If you’re curious and want to learn more, check out Soulful Simplicity. Registration is open September 9â€"19, 2019. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

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A Picture Of The Gulag Labor Camps - 916 Words

â€Å"In keeping silent about evil, in burying it so deep within us that no sign of it appears on the surface, we are implanting it, and it will rise up a thousand fold in the future. When we neither punish nor reproach evildoers, we are not simply protecting their trivial old age, we are thereby ripping the foundations of justice from beneath new generations.† Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn said in his impactful narrative that paints a picture of the Gulag labor camps in Soviet Russia through personal experience, eyewitness testimony and interviews, and primary research material. Solzhenitsyn is describing the silence that survivors of the Gulag were forced to exhibit after staring terror and fear directly in the face during their time in the Gulag. The silence Solzhenitsyn is describing, is claimed to be one of the reason the Gulag is often not given the attention in history books and in the forefront of our minds that the Gulag deserves. The Gulag is believed to be one of the most horrible and inhuman acts of the 20th century, yet western society tends to shy away from mentioning the Gulag when discussing tragedy. This paper will examine historians’ views on the Gulag and why it has been overlooked in history as the horrible tragedy it was and the impact that this silence has had, not only on the survivors, but also the impact it has had on Russia and its society as a whole. II. Topic The Gulag translates from Russian to mean â€Å"main camp administration.† The Gulag was a governmentShow MoreRelatedJoseph Stalin Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Stalin’s Genocide: 50 Million Deaths From 1919 to 1953 when Stalin died about 50 million lives were taken in the Gulags of Russia (â€Å"Videofact†). In total there were 53 Gulags and 423 labor camps (â€Å"Gulag†).   Stalin was considered one of the most feared dictators because of his secret police and the Gulags. During a series of interviews in 1996, a Soviet veteran who lived in Minsk claimed to have seen a U.S. POW in May or June 1953. The POW was a Korean War F-86D pilot whose plane had beenRead MoreThe Soviet Prison Labor Camp System1251 Words   |  6 PagesSolzhenitsyn envisioned and captured the persona of the Soviet prison labor camp system by describing as a chain of hidden islands amongst the USSR landscape. Solzhenitsyn sees himself lifting the shroud that the Soviet regime tried to hide the gulags behind by telling his story of his time in the gulags. Reading his book gave the reader the sense of reading a forbidden text, something surrounded in secrecy. Solzhenitsyn develops themes thro ughout the book. These fetid and morbid â€Å"islands† wouldRead MoreBetween the Shades of Gray by Ruta Sepetys1486 Words   |  6 Pages Ruta Sepetys is the author for Between the Shades of Gray, a novel that captures the truth of Siberian camps and the annexation of the Balkans by Stalin. Ruta Sepetys got the idea to write this fictional story when she visited her family in Lithuania and got the chance to discover more about her heritage. She got very fascinated about her family’s struggle to keep memories of her grandparents because of the annexation of Lithuania to the USSR. This conflict urged her to find out more about theRead MoreStalin and His Creation of a Gulag1548 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most brutal mistakes made by Stalin was the creation of a GULAG. It is difficult to give a precise characterization of its purpose. The aim of this work is to answer the question, â€Å"Can we generalize why certain people were able to survive the Gulag more than others?† To survive the Gulag, many prisoners had to fight with others for food, shelter, and simple medical care. 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Famous film directors that one were either in a Siberian labor camp or were kicked out of the country will make movies. But the best way I believe for a human to never forget who they are and how far a society has come, is by books. The New York Times has named it a â€Å" Masterpiece and the most significant works everRead MoreMass Incarceration : A New Form Of Slavery Essay155 5 Words   |  7 Pagesdespite the fact that crime in the United States has declined steeply since the 1990s. Why and how did this occur? What role does Mass Incarceration play in our Society? Mass Incarceration: A New Form of Slavery in the United States The Bigger Picture In 1865, the United Sates abolished slavery with the Implementation of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution. While it brought a major victory to many Americans at the time, it was not without its flaws. Stating that â€Å"Neither SlaveryRead MoreThe Totalitarian Systems That Changed Lives Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pageschildren in schools are taught wrong and are lied to. As in other totalitarian systems, nobody was allowed to have his own opinion. If you said something about Stalin that was bad or didn’t reflect him in a good way, then you were sent to his labor camps or Gulags in Siberia. Basically, you were not allowed to think with your own brain. In communism, like in other totalitarian regimes, order was kept through the army and more effectively, the police. Stalin had his own secret police, the KGB. OrderRead MoreJoseph Stalin s Impact On The World1508 Words   |  7 PagesLenin recognized Stalin s potential and then later inspired him. After that, Stalin helped the Bolsheviks any way he could, including committing several robberies to raise funds. The Bolsheviks were a fraction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) which eventually split apart from the Menshevik faction. This took place at the Second Party Congress in 1903 and was ran by Vladimir Lenin. That same year, Stalin took a huge part of the communist movement. After becoming a key figure

Playing Field Hockey Men vs. Women Free Essays

Being pushed to the ground and completely dominated by the opposite sex in a so-called â€Å"all women’s sport† is not fun. Men believe that it is fair to play field hockey on women’s teams because if not it goes against the whole â€Å"everyone being equal† our society has put amongst us today. The number of men playing field hockey on women’s teams is increasing: â€Å"In the 2009-10 school year, according to a survey by the National Federation of State High School Associations, 308 boys were on girls teams compared with 174 the year before† (USA Today). We will write a custom essay sample on Playing Field Hockey: Men vs. Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Men should not play field hockey because it’s not a fair game and is dangerous. There are plenty of other male sports, like ice hockey, in which they can interact in. I have had first-hand experience playing against men in high school and it gave me a strong opposition to men playing field hockey. Many might not want to believe it but men and woman are capable of different things. Men are better at some things and women are better at other things. Men should not play field hockey because men and women have a different skill sets in power, speed, stamina and skill. Strength can be defined in a number of ways. Men tend to have better upper body strength than women which is the key to being a good field hockey player. The differences in strength, is men have more total muscle mass than females. â€Å"Gross measures of upper body strength suggest an average 40-50% difference between the sexes, compared to a 30% difference in lower body strength† (Gender Differences in Endurance Performance and Training). People who see it as a dangerous element are against men playing field hockey but others also say that if they don’t let men play on women’s teams then it could be seen as discrimination. It is not a fair game when men are playing on a women’s team. Reasons for this is men have a different level of competition; have more power and more aggression. Men will usually take their anger out on the field and be more aggressive when hitting the ball. When playing in a game of field hockey the constant swinging of the stick can be dangerous for those who have a lot more power. The game of field hockey doesn’t require much equipment to wear during the game either. The protection is shin guards, goggles and a mouth guard. It is not discriminating if men are not allowed to play field hockey because it is safer to keep the game all girls. All girls somewhat have the same body strength. I think that there are all men sports similar to field hockey, such as, ice hockey, lacrosse and soccer that men can play and keep it fair or they could create a separate league for men. All three of these similar sports have separated the men and women. Field hockey has always been one sport that only has one league. If I had not played against any guys in high school, my opinion would be different. I believe that all men and women are equal and I would think that it was ok for men to play field hockey. However, my junior year there was one team that had a guy playing for them. His position was offense so he was always on my defending end of the field. Luckily, I did not have to defend him but one of my teammates did very strongly. He was very aggressive and did not give a care in the world that he was playing against girls half the size of him. I think that his team used him to their advantage and he was getting most of their goals because my teammates were backing off when he would begin to swing. The year after two of the ten teams we played had one boy on their team. This time I was defending one of the guys. It was scary at first because I was not used to defending a male carrying the ball down the field. They both used their bodies to push us away and we did not have enough composure to hold ourselves up. I believe that only to a certain extent that it is ok for men to play field hockey but only if it makes the game fair. As for right now, men should just stick to playing field hockey on an all men’s team to keep it fair game. I believe that there are similar sports for men to play if they enjoy field hockey or they could just play on an all men’s team. Field hockey is a very big sport and has come a long way from when it first started. Experiencing this personally has proven to me that it is dangerous for women to play against men in field hockey. How to cite Playing Field Hockey: Men vs. Women, Papers

A Technological Humanity Essay Example For Students

A Technological Humanity Essay The technology surrounding everyone in modern society affects everyday activities. Since the dawn of man, humans have produced ideas to make life more enjoyable and easier. From Galileos telescope to Gatess computers, people have developed objects to enrich their everyday lives. The technological advancements throughout history, affect humanity in many several apparent ways. Computers contain information sometimes unwanted by others. They influence minds in both good and bad ways, and allow people to share information that they would otherwise be unable to attain. Even if a person does not own a computer or credit cards, information about anyone can be discovered through this technological advancement. Technology, just now beginning to be manipulated and harnessed, is affecting the minds of small children and adolescents in ways that could possibly become harmful. It also gives another form of communication and exchange of information previously unavailable. Anyone owning computer can access offensive material such as pornography or violent websites. With just a few clicks of a mouse, one can view a problem that jeopardizes the nations moral and ethical values. Often times the young people accessing such websites in cyberspace arent even old enough to understand the complete meaning of human sexuality. More often, the adults accessing these websites, who do have a common understanding of sexuality, obtain distorted views of normal sexual behavior. Violence plagues the streets of America today. If kids see gangsters in Los Angeles committing drive-by shootings or the KKK burning the cross, they receive a false sense of reality. In order to save our childrens innocence and Americas moral values, the Internet should be strictly regulated. With the new online wave, minds not only of small children, but also adolescents and adults become influenced by outside information. As the mind develops, things such as pornography is no longer the main concern. Now, because of the easy access to information, the fourteen years old who has just discovered that she failed ninth grade can find out how to make a bomb out of household detergents. The laid-off business man, the dumped boyfriend, and the deranged psycho also find potentially dangerous information at the tips of their fingers. What is to stop humans from using weapons of mass destruction instead of committing less violent acts with this technology at hand? Curiosity of mankind has led to the development of varying types of energy. As a result of these new power sources, many consequences seen light. Solar energy is an extremely efficient method to produce power. It is used in certain areas to charge things such as household utilities and lighting for expressways. This technological advancement is quite expensive and space consuming. The discovery of Nuclear Fusion has produced a breakthrough in science: nuclear energy. To production of this power is less costly and more affective. However, the waste produced after the fuel is burned is not recyclable. Nuclear fuel is very radioactive and can contaminate miles of land if not properly disposed. In the past, Nuclear Plants have malfunctioned and caused great grievances with deaths. Nuclear Fusion has not only produced nuclear energy but also the most detrimental technological breakthrough in history. Through Nuclear Fusion, weapons, such as the Atom bomb, have made it possible to completely destroy the surface of the Earth. Chemical Weapons were first used in World War I, and still play a tragic role in the destructions common today. A recent incident involving Americans and Chemical Warfare was from the Persian Gulf Conflict where US soldiers were exposed to chemical weapons. Since then, many soldiers have become ill with a strange Gulf-syndrome that has been attributed to Chemical Weapons secretly used by Iraq. .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 , .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 .postImageUrl , .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 , .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0:hover , .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0:visited , .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0:active { border:0!important; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0:active , .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0 .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f871d68affd922cbd856dd94843dfc0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of Mice and Men Argumentative Essay Chemical Weapons are extremely dangerous and hazardous to life. Danger being their sole purpose, chemical weapons affect humans and the environment incredibly. The effect of a chemical weapon depends on the type employed. Nerve agents can cause death. Along with their fatal properties, Nerve agents can be colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Other Chemical agents, such as mustard gas, can be used to render their victims unable to fight. Mustard gas causes huge blisters on the skin and has caused many causalities in war. Other chemical weapons agents can be used to cause blindness, mental .

Differences between Saudi and U.S. Students in Reaction to Same

Introduction The title of the journal article of discussion is â€Å"Differences between Saudi and U.S. Students in Reaction to Same- and Mixed-Sex Intimacy Shown by Others.† It is an article written by Hewitt, Jay and Alqahtani A. Mushbab of the department of Psychology University of Missouri in Kansa City.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Differences between Saudi and U.S. Students in Reaction to Same- and Mixed-Sex Intimacy Shown by Others specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article is in the Journal of Social Psychology and the citation is as follows: Hewitt Jay and Alqahtani A. Mushbab. Differences between Saudi and U.S. Students in Reaction to Same- and Mixed-Sex Intimacy Shown by Others, The Journal of Social Psychology, 2003, 143(2), 233-242. Every research is usually undertaken to solve a certain problem. This is done through giving all possible insights in regard to the topic of discussi on, analyzing the information got and making informed conclusions based on what has been found out. In this article, the research problem entails same and mixed sex intimacy as depicted by others. Much focus is however given to the differences in reaction upon the issue as shown by Saudi and United States students. Intimacy is a critical aspect that is viewed differently by different people and cultures and the article seeks to clarify some of the issues involved taking the United States and Saudi Arabian students as research elements. To gather enough information in the research, three photos of two women sitting at a close, intermediate and far distance from each other were shown to United States and Saudi Arabian students after which there reactions were observed. Discussion There are various concepts that have been discussed in the article, each contributing a certain degree to our understanding of the topic of discussion. The theory of symbolic interaction is being tested by th e author of this article. The main concepts that can be depicted from this article include the fact that different issues are responsible in shaping peoples’ behaviour and attitude towards different life aspects for instance on the intimacy between people of the same sex and those of mixed sex as perceived by the United States and the Saudi students.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People tend to act differently towards different things according to the meaning and value they attach to the things. The meanings are usually derived from social interaction among human beings and further modified through the process of interpretation. It is also clear that individuals are best understood when looked at in relation to the environment around them. This is clearly shown in the different behaviours exhibited by the United States students and those in Saudi, they are completel y opposite due to the environments they are exposed to and what is considered to be either wrong or right in each environment (Hewitt and Alqahtani 240). There are various theoretical perspectives in the field of social psychology each being associated with certain benefits and drawbacks in regard to how well they are able to bring out certain issues. The theoretical perspectives are based on different premises, all aimed at bringing out various aspects of a given study. After reading the article, I think that interactionism perspective of social psychology have been used by the author. This perspective focuses on the issue of small level social interaction. The core principles that underlie this perspective include meaning which is an aspect that is assigned, language a concept that is constructed through human beings social interactions as well as thought which influences individuals’ interpretations. From the article, we find the different groups of students coming up with different reactions based on the meanings they attach to the photos shown in regard to intimacy. From the study, people in the United States of America seem to be more comfortable with public displays of male to female intimacy than with public displays of male to male intimacy. On the other hand, the most Muslim related nations such as Saudi Arabia seem to have completely different views where they react positively to intimacy between the same sexes as opposed to that expressed between individuals of the opposite sex. In the process of carrying out a research, a researcher is out to come up with an appropriate research design and sample in order to get effective results. The study involved 82 participants including 20 Saudi Arabian men, 20 United States men, 18 Saudi Arabian women and 24 United States women. This is a representative sample that would help in obtaining effective results.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Differences between Saudi and U .S. Students in Reaction to Same- and Mixed-Sex Intimacy Shown by Others specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the differences in culture among the participants, different approaches were used for instance, the fact that Saudi men and women did not mix led to use of two people to gather information from them. Questionnaires were used in which three photos were used and the participants asked to imagine nine scenes after which they would indicate how comfortable or uncomfortable they were with each scene: â€Å"Two brothers, two sisters, and a brother-sister pair sitting at each of the three distances. For each scene, participants rated their degree of comfort on a Likert-type scale, ranging from 7 (extremely comfortable) to 1 (extremely uncomfortable) with 4 being the neutral point (neither comfortable nor uncomfortable)† (Hewitt and Alqahtani 237). Hypothesis is an incredibly critical element in carrying out research. It hel ps in gathering all relevant information that entails to a certain statement. In this case, the hypothesis being tested is the relationship between distance and comfort between people of the same sex and those of the opposite sex as depicted by students from the United States and those for Saudi Arabia. There exist independent and dependent variables which help in coming up with comparisons that in turn allow for making of informed conclusions. The variables entail distance and nationality and comfort respectively. For instance, â€Å"Hypothesis la: In imagining an interaction between two brothers, the U.S. participants feel more comfortable as distance increases, whereas Hypothesis lb: the Saudi participants feel more comfortable as distance decreases† (Hewitt and Alqahtani 237). There exists various research findings that could be depicted from the research carried out in this article. The findings include; Saudi students were more comfortable with decreasing distance in br other to brother interactions and less comfortable with decreasing distance between brother to sister interactions. The United States students showed an opposite reaction. Another crucial finding is that women are more comfortable with the intimacy of sisterhood as opposed to what is observed among men, generally irrespective of culture. The research findings are extremely important in evaluating the hypothesis in question.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ethical issues in research are very crucial. In every research, it is important to keep the confidentiality of the data retrieved. In order to maximize the privacy of the respondents in this study, the names of the respondents were not necessary. The respondents were also free to participate in the research voluntarily. This increased the level of comfortability making it easy to gather adequate information from the participants. Despite having carried out the research on intimacy among individuals of the same sex as well as those of mixed sexes, the author still feels that there are some gaps left and some questions ought to be answered to make the whole project a success. For this reason, some further research was suggested. This entails utilization of different research methodology in an aim of coming up with an objective way of gauging the interaction distance and its effects. This will in a way improve the research results through avoiding the need to use subjective ratings in regard to either comfort or discomfort as depicted by the participants. According to the author of the article, it would be of essence for future researchers engaged in this topic to ask people in the United States and Saudi Arabia among other countries to give an insight into the aspect of emotional closeness to various targets. This will enhance understanding of the issue of discussion (Hewitt and Alqahtani 241). Different research works produce different results. The quality of the research could differ based on what is achieved and the effectiveness in which the research problem is tackled for instance through provision of answers to the research questions raised. I consider the research report to be of high quality. This is because the data that was collected from the research study seem adequate in regard to providing answers to the raised research questions. The data also gave enough insight that helped in the verification of the formulated hypothesis. From the discussion par t of this article, it is evident that the authors really tried to report theoretical findings through appropriate interpretation of the collected data. Here, the authors first gave the prediction, and then the findings got from the study and later a combination of the two to make the right judgment. Previous research findings were also considered. There are various research methods that could be used in carrying out a certain study. The choice depends on the researcher and how best he or she perceives each method to be effective in bringing out the desired result. For instance, the author in this article used qualitative research method, using questionnaires in a case study, to carry out the study. Given a chance to replicate, extend or even improve the study, I would consider using participatory research method. This is because it is associated with a lot of benefits for instance taking specific details that would otherwise not be possible and also manipulating the research environ ment to avoid affecting the respondents in a negative manner that would hinder obtaining good results. The aspect of social psychology of human actions is interesting but complex. It requires a lot of efforts to understand. This could be achieved through carrying out research and using appropriate research methods and designs. In this case, I consider taking participatory research method to be helpful in my understanding of the social psychology of human actions. Interviews (face to face) would also work better in giving first hand information. This is because one is able to be part of the research fully and understand the influence of the environment. As stated earlier, different people attach different meaning to different things and interact differently. There exist a variety of social psychological perspectives each differing from the other depending on the premises that form it or rather what it is based upon. As mentioned earlier, the author of the article in question used the interactionist social psychological perspective under the symbolic interaction theory to carry out the study and analyze the results. This does not however mean that other social psychological perspectives could not be used in this research. For instance, the following perspectives would be applied; social structural perspective, social learning perspective, social cultural perspective and social cognitive perspective. The fact that the social psychological perspectives are unique in their ways dictates that although there could be no major differences in the results attained in using different perspectives, there ought to be some insights that would be revealed through one perspective and not in the other. Social Structural Perspective deals with structural functionalism where the society is viewed in terms of role of the constituent elements; the traditions, institutions, norms and customs. Social learning perspective emphasizes on the significance of unique experiences and the f act that we learn behaviours through observation and imitation. Social cultural perspective on the other hand emphasizes the importance of culture and social norms and how they shape behaviour. Lastly, social cognitive perspective states that we observe, interpret and critic other peoples’ behaviour and that patterns of thought influence behaviour (Cherry par. 3). The use of different social psychological perspectives will definitely enhance the understanding of social psychology of human actions and more so the topic of discussion in this article, that is, Differences between Saudi and U.S. Students in Reaction to Same- and Mixed-Sex Intimacy Shown by Others. It will for instance show how ones role in the society affects behaviour and perception, how observation and imitation forms behaviour and generally, what causes different views in different people concerning a certain issue for instance intimacy. Conclusion The aspect of social psychology of human actions is interestin g but complex. It requires a lot of efforts to understand. This could be achieved through carrying out research and using appropriate research methods and designs. The author of the article has however tried to bring out various insights that enhance our understanding of social psychology of human actions. Works Cited Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What Are the Major Perspectives in Social Psychology?† About.com. 2011. 8 October 2011. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-the-major-perspectives-in-social-psychology-2795909 Hewitt Jay and Alqahtani Mushbab. Differences between Saudi and U.S. Students in Reaction to Same- and Mixed-Sex Intimacy Shown by Others, The Journal of Social Psychology, 2003, 143(2), 233-242. This research paper on Differences between Saudi and U.S. Students in Reaction to Same- and Mixed-Sex Intimacy Shown by Others was written and submitted by user Bennett Odom to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Listening and Perception Essays

Listening and Perception Essays Listening and Perception Essay Listening and Perception Essay Listening and Perception 2 We humans are different and unique. We can see these differences in everything we do and create. Interestedly we have a variety of views and concepts in very little or insignificant aspects of our daily living. Members of the same family can have a personal interpretation of what they considered best for society. For this reason we had to find ways to resolve conflict and manage situations, in order to live a more productive life with the less conflict possible. For my assignment I contacted five persons three of them were of Hispanic background. One of them was a white person and the other one an African American. I showed them the picture and all were kind to accept to help me with the assignment. They all had similar descriptions and also very different words to qualify the work to be done. They all agreed that the picture portrait a male, of middle age from African American background. The first traits that came to people’s perception were those that had to do with the physical appearance of the male in the photograph. Those traits that describe best the person were those who define the individual with his color of skin, his age, his complexity, his gender; then they describe, what was the perception they had; due to what the individual was doing on the ground. And finally they tried to guess what he was doing in that position. What they saw was determinant to make a description of the man in the picture. When we gather some information about a person; or a situation whatsoever, one can formulate a Listening and Perception 3 ight or wrong comment or decision of the individual or situation we encounter. A lot of people have a tendency of talking too quick to make a statement without analyzing the situation; and at this point the process of communication becomes unclear or lead to misunderstandings. We need to be careful when we are exercising our judgment. We need to analyze all situations before making a statement. Once the words have come out is Impossible to take them back. Most of interpersonal relations get affected for what we say or what we see. We must be prudent before stating our views. What it was particularly interesting is how different perceptions people have in trying to interpret a situation: in the picture when looking at the man sitting on the ground; some people describe him as relax, waiting for somebody or the bus, while others picture him as being homeless without hope disconnected from reality. I can say that they made this choices because they saw somebody in jeans and t-shirt and sneakers the way he dress; plus the attitude of being alone looking to the side make people think he had no home no food, and was moving his head around randomly with no hurry. We can all of us be wrong at least we know for sure what and why he was doing at that precise moment. Certainly the only one who can really depict his situation without fault is the individual himself. In my view gender was the reason why my observers made their choice, I noticed that the women were looking differently the picture; than the men. Women looked more at the traits of this person while the men looked more at what he was doing. Women found the man Listening and Perception 4 trong and athletic while the men found him more like a construction guy, a homeless, skinny individual. The women observers look at this man age and complexity, while the men found him more like without future or lost. I am glad of the outcome of this exercise because by choosing two women and three men I found the similarities and differences in the two genders. But the one trait that it was common to most of them was relax, and observing, this could be to the fact that the picture shows him seated, an d looking at something or somebody. The different perceptions I found in this process by my friends could alter the reality of who is really this person, and what is he doing at this particular moment when the shot was taken. How after analyzing this picture can we come out with an accurate description of this person that could be anyone of us trying to get a little warm on a beautiful spring day? Situations like this one arise every day in our society, with our friend and with our family. I remember the case of a teenager being shot by a police officer because the police thought the teen had a gun. There are many cases of mistaken identity where innocent people had to pay for somebody else mistake. We can also recall the jealous husband who killed his wife because she was talking to a stranger. It is imperative that we use a fair assessment of any circumstance before we can come out with a conclusion. To me is good that we come out with different ideas about somebody or a situation; why? Because if I am wrong I could see what is the real truth. It is sane to know that we can be wrong about something or someone. We need to give the benefit of the doubt to anybody regardless of what we think. Most people today don’t want Listening and Perception 5 to exercise this way of thinking; because they don’t really care about somebody else feelings. The less we learn from people or circumstances the more we make mistakes or false judgments to others. To excel in communication we need to understand all process of good Communication skills and improve all theories of the art of Communication. References: Communication in a Changing World 2nd Edition Walden University Comm_1001_photo . jpg www. Sylvan. live. college. com

Critically Debate The Arguments For And Against Global Mega-Mergers Essay

Critically Debate The Arguments For And Against Global Mega-Mergers - Essay Example With the growth in the competition and with the rising trend of globalisation, it has been found that most of the companies are merging together in order to avail several advantages. These mergers are the result of the strategy to become world market leader in certain sector or at least to reach a critical mass. There is significant growth in the international mergers and acquisitions that are taking place across the boundaries of any particular country (Einy & et. al., 1995). Arguments For and Against Global Mega-Mergers The international mergers and acquisitions are conducted for the purpose of gaining strategic benefits in the market of a particular country. Salent & et. al. (1983) stated the fact that when an industry is oligopolistic with identical goods and cournot competition along with constant marginal cost and linear demand then in such circumstances a merger tends not to be gainful unless and until it encompasses more than 80 percent of the firm (Salant & et. al., 1983). M ergers in case of Cournot oligopoly is recognised to be quite lucrative if both the merging companies possess asymmetric information regarding market demand (Das & Sengupta, 2001). It has been argued that the cross border M&A is the key to flow of foreign direct investment. Greater share of the total merger tasks tend to be performed largely across international borders (Clarke, 1983). International mergers & acquisitions are a trend nowadays. Most of the top managements of the companies argue the fact that international mergers lead to benefits of scale, high shareholders’ value, access to new markets as well as low overheads. However, it can also be argued that mergers lead to cultural differences, in terms of organisation culture along with national culture as well which is considered to be the biggest challenge in such integration. It has been noted that successful integration of an international merger is quite a long method which is assisted by a sense of equality and c ommon management goals, programs and tasks (Olie, 2002). The new form created because of the merger activity is anticipated to possess increased market share that may facilitate to minimise competition. Although the minimisation in the completion is harmful for the public interest, it can assist the firm in earning more profits (Otchere & Mustopo, 2006). Mergers can assist the firms in dealing with the threats of multinationals and struggle on an international scale. It has also been argued that mergers might permit high investment in Research & Development (R&D) since the new firm is expected to garner significant profits. This will result in better quality of goods for the consumers. Mergers have been found to be quite advantageous in a deteriorating industry where the firms are facing problems to stay buoyant. It has been argued that in case of conglomerate mergers, two firms belonging to distinct industry merge together. Therefore, one of the benefits received in such mergers is sharing of knowledge that is generally applicable to distinct industry (Gal-Or, 1988). The arguments against global mega-mergers is that when

Assignment, and writing 2 essays based on 3 readings Coursework

Assignment, and writing 2 essays based on 3 readings - Coursework Example trend or phenomenon. Although the readings, â€Å"Cultural Valorization & African American Literary History† (Corse & Griffin) and â€Å"The Vietnam Veteran’s Memorial† (Wagner-Pacific & Schwartz) discuss different social and cultural phenomenon, we see clear examples of how the concept of â€Å"the sacred† is similar to the concept of â€Å"sacralization† specifically with regard to social unity and a social movement from deeming something socially insignificant to socially indispensable. Both readings also demonstrate how Durkheim’s idea of â€Å"the sacred† differs from the ‘sacredness’ so to speak, of Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Vietnam War Memorial in that both cultural phenomenon cannot be compartmentalized into Durkheim’s simple definition of what deems something sacred. Nevertheless both phenomenon are in fact â€Å"sacred† in society and add another dimension to Durkh eim’s concept. All of the fore mentioned readings include a societal and cultural happening, which at one point in history was considered insignificant and undervalued but through a social, academic, political etc. unity and validity placed upon the phenomenon; there have been distinct and necessary alterations in societal thought as well as accomplishments with regards to the phenomenon at hand. In â€Å"Cultural Valorization & African American Literary History† Corse and Griffin extensively discuss the historical and ideological transformation of the Western Literary Canon and the creation of the African-American literary canon with regards to African-American literature and specifically Zora Neal Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. When Hurston’s novel was first reviewed, it was considered â€Å"simple and unpretentious†, â€Å"unsuccessful†, not a literary work that would ever â€Å"move into serious fiction† and

Ethyl Acetate Properties

Ethyl Acetate Properties Ethyl acetate is the most popular ester from ethanol and acetic acid. It is manufactured on a large scale for use as a solvent. Ethyl acetate is a moderately polar solvent that has the advantages of being volatile, relatively non-toxic, and non-hygroscopic. Ethyl Acetate is an organic compound which also known as, ethyl ethanoate, commonly abbreviated EtOAc or EA. Below is the table of Ethyl Acetate general data and physical properties: FORMULA CH3COOCH2CH3 MOLECULAR WEIGHT 88.10 MELTING POINT -83.6 °C BOILING POINT 77.15 °C INDEX OF REFRACTION nd20 1.372 DENSITY d20 0.902 g/mL SPECIFIC HEAT (20 °C) 0.459 kcal/kg. °C LATENT HEAT (bp) 88 kcal/kg VISCOSITY (20 °C) 0.455 cP EA SOLUBILITY IN WATER (20 °C) 7.7 wt.% WATER SOLUBILITY IN EA (20 °C) 3.3 wt.% Table 1.1 : Physical Properties of Ethyl Acetate Ethyl acetate can dissolve up to 3% water and has a solubility of 8% in water at room temperature. At elevated temperature its solubility in water is higher. It is unstable in the presence of strong aqueous bases and acids. Ethyl Acetate can be manufactured by several types of process such as esterification, Tishchenkos reaction and Advanced Acetates by Direct Addition (AVADA) technology. In 1985 it was approximately 400000 tones in tons were produced yearly in Japan, North America, and Europe combined. The commercial Ethyl Acetate is a clear, colorless, sweet smell odor and has a minimum purity of 99.8%, with water and ethanol not exceeding 0.03%. Historical Review of Ethylbenzene Processes Ethyl Acetate is primarily produced by direct esterification of ethyl alcohol (e.g ethanol) with acetic acid, a process which involves mixing acetic acid with excess of ethyl alcohol and adding a small amount of sulphuric acid. This mixture contains about 65% of ester (EA). Then the EA is separated and purified by distillation in order to achieve commercial specification. This process considers as exothermic and safe where the heat of reaction is -0.0114kJ/mol with no danger of decomposition. Other methods that often use in manufacturing ethyl acetate are based on Tishchenkos reaction. This reaction is by combining two equivalents of acetaldehyde in the presence of an alkoxide base as catalyst. This way is a commercial method of producing ethyl acetate. Due to the observation and experiment by Tishchenko, the result shown that the obtainable yield of ethyl acetate by adding aluminum ethoxide to acetaldehyde at -20oC is 61%. In addition, new and interesting process of manufacturing ethyl acetate is Advanced Acetates by Direct Addition (AVADA) technology. This reaction used the reaction of ethylene, acetic acid and water with the presence of heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst. It then will undergo reaction at vapor phase before being fed into the separation section where the major product and by-product being separated. This process can produce ethyl acetate at 99% concentration. The Uses of Ethyl Acetate Ethyl acetate is used as solvent in a wide range application especially in industries. It is one of the most popular solvent that used in surface coating and thinners manufacture such as nitrocellulose lacquers, varnishes and thinners. It exhibits high dilution ratios with both aromatic and aliphatic diluents and is the least toxic of industrial organic solvents. Pharmaceuticals also required ethyl acetate as an extraction solvent for the concentration and purification of antibiotics. Manufacturing of various drugs also used ethyl acetate as an intermediate. High purity product can be used as a viscosity reducer for resins used in photoresist formulations in the electronics industry. Besides that, ethyl acetate acts as a solvent in the preparation of synthetic fruit essences, flavors and perfumes. On the other hand, the extensive amounts of ethyl acetate are used in the manufacture of flexible packaging and in the manufacture of polyester films and BOPP films. It is also used in the treatment of aluminium foils. Ethyl acetate is used as solvent to dissolve the resin, control the viscosity and modify the drying rate in inks for flexographic and rotogravure printing. Based on ICIS article that has been updated April 2008, the global demand is predicted to grow at 3-4%/year because of strong demand for surface coatings and as a replacement for restricted solvents. China and Southeast Asia are largest demand while Western Europe is developed markets. Southeast Asia and China are expected to become the most popular for ethyl acetate production and consumption. The Southeast Asian paints and coatings market is expected to grow at 5-6%/year. Japans Daicel Industries is converting an acetic acid plant in Otake, Hiroshima to produce ethyl acetate by using bio-ethanol as the raw material. It will have a capacity of 50,000 tonnes/year with production expected to start in spring 2009. The global demand growth for US is about 2%/year to 2009. According to ICIS Chemical Business (ICB), US demand increased from 88,500 tonnes in 2005 to 95,300 tonnes in 2009. Around 60% of ethyl acetate is consumed in US as a solvent in a variety of coating formulations. These coatings are used for wood furniture and fixtures, agricultural, construction and mining equipment, containers and closures, auto refinishing, and maintenance and marine applications. Around 20% of the ethyl acetate is used as solvent-based architectural coatings for both exterior and interior use. This sector has been growing at approximately 6%/year. However, in industrial coatings the usage of ethyl acetate is decline because of environmental constraints has largely been completed and future growth in the US is estimated to be a healthier 2.5%/year up to 2009. OEM (original equipment manufacturer) solvent-based coatings have been declining slowly in the US. The OEM sector, however, is the largest and represents 58% of ethyl acetates coatings use demand. The remaining sector, specialty coatings, which includes marine coatings, has held steady. The European market is reported to be balanced with big supply and steady demand. However, future demand is expected to be flat and or even contract slightly as consumption by local paints and inks sectors shrinks as production moves eastwards. In the UK, INEOS has acquired BPs ethyl acetate business including a 250,000 tonnes/year plant in Hull. Future consolidation is seen as possible in Europe as ethylene-based producers struggle to compete against more competitive ethanol-based production. Europe could also become more reliant on imports. PROCESS BACKGROUND Esterification Esterification is a chemical reaction process between alcohol and carboxylic acid in the presence of catalyst that formed ester. This mixture converts to ester about 65% at room temperature. The commonly concentrated sulphuric acid is acting as a esterification catalyst to enhance the reaction. The sulphuric acid removes water to help shift the equilibrium towards forming more ester product. Water is a by- product and must be removed in order to get the equilibrium in the desired direction. This process is a simple process, well known reaction, and moderately exothermic where the heat or reaction, H is -0.0114kJ/mol with no danger of decomposition reaction. The optimum temperature for this reaction is in the range of 363 K 400 K while the optimum pressure is in the range of 20 bar 40 bar. Ethanoic Acid + Ethanol Ethyl Acetate + Water CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3C02C2H5 The reaction between acetic acid and ethanol to produce ethyl acetate in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. This process is released a few amount of heat to the surrounding and classified as exothermic reaction. This reaction is called a homogeneous liquid phase. Water is formed in the reaction is removed continuously to ensure maximum conversion of acetic acid. The catalyst can be heteregenous and homogeneous. There are two categories of catalyst that can be used in this reaction, mineral acid catalyst and para toluene sulphonic acid or ion exchange resins can serve as heterogenous catalyst. Process Description Ethanol and acetic acid together with crude ethyl acetate is fed into the reactor in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to produce ester and water. Then, the products are fed into the distillation column (DC1) to separate water and ester (ethyl acetate). The bottom product of DC1 is water and the overhead product is ethyl acetate. This part are taken by dehydration and azeotropic distillation of ethyl acetate and water. The overhead product is passed to the decanter to separate the organic phase and aquase phase. The upper layer known as organic phase while lower layer known as aqueous phase. partially of organic phase is fed into the reactor and another potion of organic phased is passed into the second distillation column (DC2). The second column is a purify process where to give the pure ethyl acetate (bottom product). The top product is a mixture that consists of ethyl acetate, water and ethanol. this mixture is separated after cooling process and the light phase is fed back to DC2 and the rest is transferred to the second decanter where its process is same as the first decanter to separate the organic and aqueous phase. Pipeline is used to combine the aqueous phase from the both decanters and distilled in the third column to give waste water at the bottom product and again ester, water and alcohol. This stream is recycled into the reaction column. Raw Material Ethanol: Ethanol is one of the material that is being used in the esterification process. it is also known as ethyl alcohol. ethanol is a volatile, flammable and colorless liquid. Ethanol can be obtain by fermentation of plants. Ethanol is relatively non-toxic and dissolve in water. It is a renewable energy source and it has less harmfull effects on the environment. However, ethanol will also give an impacts to the environment. The use of ethanol is a problem for conventional air pollutants. Ethanol used will increase the emission of chemicals that lead to the production of ozone. Ethanoic acid: One of the raw material needed to complete the reaction. Ethanoic Acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acid. it is a colourless liquid with an unpleasant pungent odour. ethanoic acid is produced by the oxidation of ethanol. Ethanoic acid is highly corrosive to the metals and it is also potentially harmful to our health. Sulphuric acid (catalyst): Sulphuric acid is chosed as homogeneous catalyst in this reaction. this catalyst is very effective mineral acid catalyst. however, this sulphuric acid is strongly corrosive and leaves sulfate residues. besides that, it is also generates large amount of heat. Tishchenkos Reaction Tishchenkos reaction is a reaction that need the presence of an alkoxide base while two equivalents of acetaldehyde is combining. This way is becoming commercial method of producing ethyl acetate in Europe since acetaldehyde become important intermediate on the basis of acetylene. Due to Tishchenko, the obtainable yield of ethyl acetate by adding aluminum ethoxide to acetaldehyde at -20 °C is 61%. The reaction is expressed by, [catalyst; alkoxide base (e.g Aluminum Ethoxide)] 2CH3CHO CH3COOCH2CH3 (Acetaldehyde) (Ethyl Acetate) Figure 1.3: Tishchenkos process Process Description For the process of Tishchenkos reaction, acetaldehydes will be introduced to the catalyst solution continuously. The catalyst is first need to be prepared by dissolving granular Aluminium in an ethanol-ethyl acetate mixture in the presence of aluminium chloride and small amount of zinc chloride. This catalyst (basicly Aluminum Ethoxide) is prepare uncontinuosly. In reactor, while acetaldehyde contact with the prepared catalyst, the ratio of the reaction partner must be adjust in order to obtain 98% transformation of acetaldehyde in one passage. A further 1.5% transformation is achieved in stirring vessels. Consecutively to make sure the reaction temperature is kept to 0 °C, brine with normally -20 °C will be used as the cooler. This reaction takes approximately 1 hour to completely mix before being transfer to residue separation. Next, separator is needed to remove the residue that contain in the mixture. The distillable products are removed by evaporation. For the economic issue, the residue is treated with water to regain ethanol. For the residual slurry, it can either be given to biological degradation plant or it can be burned together with other organic waste products. Subsequently, the distillable products need to be purifying in so that it can achieve commercial purity which is approximately 99.8%. Therefore, distillation column is used. For the 1st series of distillation column, light end are separated and this steam is further distilled to take non-converted acetaldehyde, which is returned to reactor. Then ethanol that contain ethyl acetate is separated for reuse in catalyst preparation. The bottom of 1st column give the high quality or grade of ethyl acetate that only will obtain at the head of the next column due to the need of separation of high boiling condensation products in mixture with ethyl acetate which will be remove at the bottom. In addition, further small column is needed to recover another part of pure ethyl acetate to isolate acetaldehyde diethyl acetal. Hence, after purification is done the recover product can used as an important intermediate or hydrolyzed in an acid medium to give reusable acetaldehyde and ethanol. Raw Material Acetaldehyde It is also known as ethanal. Acetaldehyde is one of the most important aldehyde and is being produced in a large scale industrially. This substance can be produced by the oxidation of ethylene. Although it is not a costly substance and it is very easy to get, acetaldehyde is a very toxic substance. It can give harm to living organisms and toxic substance is not an environmental friendly. It is an air pollutant resulting from combustion. Advanced Acetates By Direct Addition (Avada) In AVADA process, ethyl acetate is produced by reacting ethylene with acetic acid and water in the presence of heteropoly acid catalyst. The amount of water being used is in range from 1-10 mole% based on the total ethylene and acetic acid. The presence of water can reduce the amount of unwanted by-product that formed by the reaction. The mole ratio of ethylene to acetic acid in the feed stream is in range of 6.0 to 12.2, while for ethylene to water, the mole ratio is between 8.0 to 17.0 and the mole ratio of acetic acid to water is from 1.25 to 1.40. Heteropoly acid CH2 = CH2 + CH3C02H CH3C02CH2CH3 (ethylene) (acetic acid) Water (ethyl acetate) The reaction is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range from 160 °C to 195 °C while the preferably pressure is between 1200 kPa to 1500 kPa. The catalyst used must consist at least one heteropoly acid salt of a metal such as litium, cuprum, and magnesium which supported on a carrier. The heteropoly acid used is phosphotungstic acid while the carrier is silica. Heteropoly acids usually have a high molecular weight in the range of 700 8500 and include dimeric complexes. They have high solubility in polar solvents such as water or other oxygenated solvents. In order to achieve optimum performance, the carrier should free from metals or elements which can affect the catalytic activity of the system. To prepare the carrier, firstly the heteropoly acid is dissolved in distilled water, demineralised water, alcohols or other non-aqueous solution. Then the carrier is soaked in the acid solution for several hours with periodic manual stirring. After that it is filtered using Buchner funnel to remove any excess acid. The wet catalyst is then placed in an oven at elevated temperature for several hours to dry. Lastly it is allowed to cool to ambient temperature in desiccators. Now this supported catalyst is ready to be used in esterification process. BASIC FLOW DIAGRAM OF ETHYL ACETATE PRODUCTION BY AVADA The basic flow diagram of the unit is shown in the above figure. The unit consist of feed section, reaction section, and product and by-product separation section. The basic flow diagram of the unit is shown in the above figure. The unit consist of feed section, reaction section, and product and by-product separation section. The fresh feed which contain ethylene, acetic acid and water are fed into the vaporiser. Vaporiser is used to change the liquid phase feed into vapour phase as the reaction is preferably carried out in the vapour phase. It also includes a recycle system for both unreacted feeds and all the major by-products. The combined feed vapour stream is fed to a reactor train comprising of four fixed bed reactors in which each reactor already filled with catalyst. The reactants are passed over the catalyst suitably at a GHSV (Gas Hourly Space Velocity) of 300 to 2000 per hour. The first three reactors are fitted with acid/water injection to the exit streams. This is to facilitate independent control of reactor inlet temperatures and to maintain the desired ethylene to acid ratio. The fourth reactor functions as finishing reactor where the final conversion of ethylene and acetic acid to ethyl acetate is achieved. There are four by-product formed from the reaction which are 2-butanone, acetaldehyde, ethanol and diethyl ether. The crude product stream exiting the last reactor is cooled before entering the flash drum where the separation of non-condensable (gas) and condensable (liquid) phases occurs. The recovered gas is recycled back to the vaporiser while the liquid stream enters the product separation and purification system. In this system, series of distillation columns designed to recover and purify the final product. It is also to recover the unreacted acetic acid, water, ethanol and light ends streams for recycling back to the vaporiser. Advantages and Disadvantages of AVADA The AVADA process is superior to other additional processes in terms of environmental protection. This is because AVADA uses a solid acid catalyst. Therefore, there are fewer requirements for the treatment and disposal of aqueous effluent compared to traditional esterification reaction that produces as much water as ethyl acetate. Since AVADA process eliminates the intermediate esterification steps and the need for ethanol, it save about 20% on energy cost compare to conventional routes. The AVADA process produces high purity (more than 99%) which reduces the production of by-products. Undesirable by products such as 2-butanone and acetaldehyde may be controlled by careful adjustment of feed composition and reaction temperatures while maintaining acceptable ethyl acetate yields. The production of c4 unsaturated hydrocarbons is significantly reduced. Therefore, the catalyst lifetime can be extended. The disadvantages of AVADA process is rapid catalyst deactivation thus disturbing the quality of the product. However, this problem can be solved using a bed porous silica beads with the heteropolyacid impregnated in the pores. PROCESS SELECTION There are three methods found in the production of ethyl acetate which are Tishchenko, Esterification and Advanced Acetates by Direct Addition (AVADA). By considering all of the advantages and disadvantages of each process, the Acetates by Direct Addition (AVADA) was chosen as the best alternative to produce ethyl acetate. The main reason AVADA was chosen are because the catalyst used is environmental friendly. TICHSHENKOS ESTERIFICATION ADVANCED ACETATE BY DIRECT ADDICTION (AVADA) RAW MATERIAL Acetaldehyde Ethanol Acetic acid Ethylene Acetic acid Water CATALYST Alkoxide base (e.g aluminium ethoxide) Produced large amount of aluminium residue which is not easily separated Produce large amount of wastewater Acid catalyst (e.g Sulphuric acid) Very corrosive Produce sulphate residue Heteropolyacid (e.g phosphotungstic acid) The catalyst lifetime can be extended Using solid catalyst- waste free and less requirement for treatment OPERATING CONDITION 0 °C 1 hour reaction 90 0C 127 °C 20 bar 40 bar 160 °C 195 °C 1200 kPa 1500kPa PURITY Crude ethyl 61 % purity Crude ethyl 55 % purity Crude ethyl 99 % purity NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT USE 5 equipments ( distillation column, feed surge drum, reactor, separator, mixer) 3 equipments (reactor , decanter, distillation column) 5 equipments (vaporizer, reactor, flash drum, distillation column, compressor) REACTION 2Acetaldehyde Ethyl Acetate ethanol + ethanoic acid ethyl acetate Ethylene + acetic acid Ethyl acetate AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIAL Produce in large scale in Europe due to the importance of acetaldehyde as intermediate on the basis ofacetylene Easy to get in china Table 1.2: Comparison between all processes PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES AVADA (Advanced Acetates By Direct Addition) Undesirable by products such as 2-butanone and acetaldehyde may be controlled by careful adjustment of feed composition and reaction temperatures while maintaining acceptable ethyl acetate yields. The production of c4unsaturated hydrocarbons is significantly reduced. The catalyst lifetime may be significantly extended. The process economics are improved by a reduced requirement to operate process purge streams to reduce the recycle of undesirable by-products and by the ability to de-bottleneck the product purification system. Very high purity (>99%). Avoid environmental hazards by using heteropolyacids (environmentally friendly). More energy efficiency save ~20% on energy costs. Using solid catalyst waste free and less requirement for treatment and disposal of aqueous effluent. Rapid catalyst deactivation thus disturbing the quality of the product. Esterification Well known reaction. Moderately exothermic reactions with no danger of decomposition of reactions. The reaction also exhibit second order ractions when no strong acid is present and a kind of autocatalytic behaviour when the acid is introducespurification system. Acidic feedstocks Concentrated sulphuric acid is a harmful chemical reagent. Generates large amount of heat. Tishchenkos Reaction The raw materials are produced in large quantities. The price of the raw material is not very costly. It is an alternative way due to expensive price of ethanol. Produce large amount of aluminium residue which is not easily separated due to the use of aluminium ethoxide as a catalyst . The use of the catalyst can create a large amount of wastewaters and thus extra cost is needed to treat the waste. The raw material, acetaldehyde is a very toxic substance. Table 1.3 : Advantages and disadvantages of each processes

Sumptuous Cuisine Catering

Their plans for the ballroom show they want to offer their clients the option of having a meeting or party place outside of their business or home. They can give them many different options to fill their needs and wishes for their events. The company will provide many options for in house services and then will use subcontractors for the rest. Even though this is a ballroom they will be able to offer meetings or parties from small to large at any time of the day.This can be done due to their flexible menus they will be able to offer a variety of cuisine. This option will also put them above the competition that specializes In only one type of food. To keep this edge however they will have to keep up on new trends and watch their competition closely making sure that they stay one step ahead. The plans for this venture will reach out to a variety of past clients as well as open up a new market for them that will allow the client to not have to provide a place have their event.Reaching for the non-profit organizations that could utilize the location for their fund gassing functions will open more doors for people that go to them generally throw large functions or parties of their own. They are Joining forces with other companies that will allow them to expand their bookings through other party planning companies. This along with their plan to add their own sales staff should give the company a well rounded market. The sales forecast for the ballroom they are looking for it to rise considerable in the first year as the forecast Is for them to be able to sell due to Introductory specials.It is an aggressive one that could be hard to make If they cannot rent the space as they have projected. They have a well thought out Male Stone plan that seems to touch each section of getting the business going. The partners will be hands on with the start up to follow each function so that they can put their vision into place. With them doing this and hiring a minimal managerial staff until things take off this will help with costs. The hiring of an administrative assistant will give them the option to focus on this. A Marketing director will get them in place to be seen.Using a full time facilities manager will keep the building in check for the events. A chief and assistant cook will be added along with other cross trained staff. When looking at the capital that the company will have for startup it they seem to have a very tight budget and are allowing for the purchase, improvements, equipment and marketing however they do not have much to fall back on if things slow down the opening or business does not pick up right away. They do however plan to use the cash reserves from Sumptuous Cuisine to help In the first year.

Is Price the Only Factor That Determines a Buyer’s Decision Essay

When consuming products and services, customers pay attention to several factors to make sure that they have made a sensible decision. Perhaps, the very first thing to be taken into account, under some circumstances, is price. However, it should not always be the sole consideration for purchasing decisions. From my point of view, apart from price, there are other determinants that can have a strong impact on a buyer’s decision, namely quality, buyer psychology and commitments that a firm offers its customers. To begin with, it can be said for sure that for most wise consumers, the quality of products or services is remembered long whereas the price is soon forgotten. When people make up their mind to consume something, they definitely want it to be worthy of their money. To be more specific, they are willing to have their ideal products although their prices can, sometimes, be very costly simply because of their durability. Long-lasting products are preferable, especially for careful consumers who are always in pursuit of the stability of the products. From another context, in terms of buyer psychology, many customers are not afraid of high cost to own certain products since not only do the products serve their needs, but they also help them to express their fashion-consciousness and status. For example, fashionable clothes enjoy increasing demand from celebrities every year though the producers set high prices. In addition, pricing low does not always work, even it can be counter-productive because consumers may assume that the products are below normal standards or the firm is going bankruptcy, which may lead to the damage of the company’s image and prestige. Last but not least, commitments to customers that a producer makes are also of great importance. These commitments usually come along with guarantees or after-sales services. Customers may pay higher amount of money for the products, however, in exchange, they are certain that they can have substitutes or indemnities when problems associated with the products happen. In other word, regardless of high prices, consumers are satisfied because they are offered certainty. In these cases, prices are also not the matter. In general, price is a significant factor that affects buyer decisions, but it is not the only determinants. Wise customers always seek for perfection from the products or services; hence, price should only be one of the aspects to be considered.

The Development of Greek Architecture - 1098 Words

Construction of buildings for different purposes has been around through out the entire history of human existence. It was simply essential for survival. It used to be like that in the beginning, but then it took a little bit different aspect. It evolved from very simple and primitive shelters of cavemen to very elegant and big scale buildings constructed by various nations. Each one of them tried to invent something new and tried to advance forward already known building principles. Many of them have succeeded to certain extent, but the Greeks made the greatest impact with introduction of the famous Ionic, Doric and Corinthian styles. The Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Its capital is decorated with a†¦show more content†¦The spaces between the triglyphs are the metopes. They may be left plain, or they may be carved in low relief. Because the metopes are somewhat flexible in their proportions, the modular space between columns can be adjusted by the architect. Often the last two columns were set slightly closer together, to give a subtle visual strengthening to the corners. Early examples of the Doric order include the temples at Paestum, in southern Italy. The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman architecture, although it was seldom used in Greek architecture. The Corinthian order was said to have been invented by an architect, Callimachus, who was inspired by the sight of a votive basket that had been left on the grave of a young girl. A few of her toys were in it, and a square tile had been placed over the basket, to protect them fr om the weather. An acanthus plant had grown through the woven basket, mixing its spiny, deeply cut leaves with the weave of the basket. A Corinthian capital may be seen as an enriched development of the Ionic capital, though one may have to look closely at a Corinthian capital to see the Ionic volutes at the corners, perhaps reduced in size and importance, scrolling out above the two ranks of leaves, and the smaller volutes scrolling inwards to meet each other on each side. TheShow MoreRelatedAncient Greek And Romes Impact On Western Literature1642 Words   |  7 Pages The impact greek and roman culture had on western civilization The ancient Greeks and Romans were two of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. The two civilizations thrived in their ancient environments which eventually led to a large amount of wealth within these two cultures. It is because of this that these ancient cultures were able to make a variety of advancements in literature, architecture, art and many other fields. 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